墨子 MOZI

Methods of defending a city: for wood, make a green flag. For fire, make a red flag. For firewood and fuel, make a yellow flag. For stones, make a white flag. For water, make a black flag. For food, make a mushroom flag. For 'dare-to-die' soldiers, make a hawk flag. For vigorous soldiers, make a tiger flag. For many soldiers, make a flag of paired hares. For boys under fourteen, make a youth flag. For women, make a sisters flag. For crossbows, make a dog flag. For halberds, make a banner flag. For swords and shields, make a feathers flag. For carts, make a dragon flag. For mounts, make a bird flag. In general, if something is sought for which a flag is not listed in the book, create a flag based on the form or name of what is needed. When a flag is raised on the wall, the officials responsible provide whatever materials or things are needed; when there is enough, the flag is lowered.

General methods of defending a city: have stores of stones; have stores of fuel and firewood; have stores of rushes; have stores of reeds; have stores of wood; have stores of charcoal; have stores of sand; have stores of pine and cypress; have stores of fleabane and artemisia; have stores of hemp and oil; have stores of bronze and iron; have stores of rice and millet. Wells and furnaces should have their locations. Important hostages should have places to dwell. The five weapons should each have a flag. Tallies should each have two halves. Rules and orders should each be clearly established. The gradations of light and heavy should each have their basis. Those responsible for the inspection of roads should each have designated areas.

For each post captain have pennons with staffs of 2 zhang 5 chi in length and material 1 zhang 5 chi long and half a strip wide, six in all. When the enemy attack reaches the outer side of the moat, those on the wall facing the enemy should strike the drum three times and raise one pennon. When the enemy is in the water of the moat, they should strike the drum four times and raise two pennons. When the enemy reaches the protecting palisade, they should strike the drum five times and raise three pennons. When the enemy reaches the subsidiary wall, they should strike the drum six times and raise four pennons. When the enemy reaches the parapets, they should strike the drum seven times and raise five pennons. When the enemy reaches the main wall, they should strike the drum eight times and raise six pennons. When the enemy troops are halfway up in their ascent of the wall, they should strike the drum continuously. During the night, fires take the place of pennons but the numbers remain the same. When the enemy is retreating, pennons are used in the same sequence as for the advance but without the drum.

For the general on the wall, there is a crimson flag 50 chi long. For the generals in charge of the gates on the four sides, the flag is 40 chi long. There is then a progressive decrease according to rank, the next being 30 chi, the one after that 25 chi, then 20 chi, then 15 chi; there is nothing less than 15 chi.

The officers on the wall have an insignia placed on their backs, the common soldiers on their heads, and the officers and soldiers below the wall on their shoulders. For the army on the left, it is on the left shoulder. For the army on the right, it is on the right shoulder. For the army in the middle, it is placed on the chest. The left and right armies each have one drum, while the middle army has three. The number of strikings of the drum ranges from three to ten. All those officers who have drums must be careful with respect to the number of strikings of their responses. If the drums respond when they should not respond or do not respond when they should respond, the person in charge is put to death.

The road on the wall should be 30 bu wide with steps to ascend and descend. On both sides of these, there should be wells with iron vessels for water. On the outer side of the road, make one screening wall every 30 bu. Make these round and 1 zhang high. Make latrines for the people; the walls of the latrines should be 12 chi or more high. Where streets and lanes join the road, there must be gates with two men to guard them. Those without the correct identification don't pass. Those who don't comply with orders are executed.

On the wall, officers and soldiers, men and women, should all wear distinguishing clothes and emblems, so men and women can be differentiated. In the case of all those who defend the shengge (fences) and are able to beat back three advances by the enemy, the Defender gives an order summoning them and bestows food on them in front of others, provides them with a large flag and gives them control over a town of one hundred households, or other materials and things. A flag to establish their official status lets everyone clearly know this. This is called a mouzi flag. The internal width of a shengge is 25 bu and the external width is 10 bu. Its length is determined on the basis of the local topography.

In training troops, starting from the centre, teach those to the front and back, right and left in sequence, so those who are tired can rest in rotation.